Homework – READ THIS

Homework

1. Do your Genetics Review!!!!
   

   Next Friday we will be doing and in class review, but this will not be possible if you do not complete the review beforehand
   

2. Website
   
   1. Click on the link for practice problems. It will take you to a site where you can practice crosses!!!!
      
3. Textbook
   
   1. Page 159 Questions 2,3,5,9,12,14,16,17(a and b)
      

 

It is so important that you do your homework. Please you the tips sheet that I handed out in class, it will really really help you solve the problems.

I will be in the classroom every day at lunch Monday-Friday. Do not hesitate to come and ask questions or have me go over problems with you.

 

Mendel’s Laws

Mendel's Laws

Law of Segregation

• For each trait and organism has two hereditary factors now called genes
  
• Alternate forms of the gene are called alleles
  
• The two alleles separate during meiosis and only one is passed on to the gamete
  
• The two gametes unite during fertilization to produce an offspring with two genes
  
• If the two alleles differ, the phenotype will reflect the dominant allele
  
• Not all genes have dominant and recessive alleles
  

 

Law of Independent Assortment

The inheritance of one gene does not normally affect the inheritance of another gene

 

 

 

Genetic Disorders List

Disorder	Student
22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Arun
Angelman syndrome	Leah
Canavan Disease	Batula
Celiac Disease	Waseem
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease	Justin
Color Blindness	Stephanie
Cri du Chat	Abdul
Cystic Fibrosis	Kat
Down Syndrome	Alyssa
Duchenne muscular dystrophy	Lena
Hemophilia	Asiyaa
Klinefelter Syndome	Robin
Neurofibromatosis	Sadiq
Phenylketonuria	Kaamel
Prader-Willi syndrome	Zamzam
Sickle Cell disease	Habon
Spina Bifida	Sarah
Tay Sachs Disease	Ben
Turner Syndrome	Sal
Parkinsons Disease	Zeinab A
Leukemia	Reem
Obesity	Hira

Dwarfism .......................................................Katylyn

Alzheimers .....................................................Lara

Practice Crosses

Please use this website to practice any type of cross!! It gives you the questions and the solution!

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/intro.htm

And you can follow this link to find all the hints and tricks to solving mendelian crosses!

http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/genetics_problems_tips.html



Good Luck!!!!

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

Allele = two or more alternate forms of a gene. Alleles are located on the same location of homologous chromosomes

Dominant = the allele that determines expression

Recessive = these alleles are overruled by dominant alleles.

Genotype = which alleles the organism contains

Phenotype = observable traits of an organism

Homozygous= both alleles are the same

Heterozygous = the two alleles are different

You can determine the genotype and the phenotype of progeny by doing a monohybrid cross and using a Punnett square.

Using Mendel's work, we cross one round plant (Rr) with one wrinkled plant (rr). What are the potential genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation.

Solution:

	r	r
R	Rr	Rr
r	rr	rr

Genotypes : 2/4 are Rr, 2/4 are rr

Phenotypes: 2/4 are round, 2/4 are wrinkled.

Now let's cross two heterozygous plants. What does this mean?? Rr. What is the phenotype of these plants? Round (because it is dominant).

	R	r
R	RR	Rr
r	Rr	rr

Genotypes of the F1 generation? ¼ RR, 2/4 Rr, ¼ rr

Phenotypes of the F1 generation? ¾ round, ¼ wrinkled.

Mendel’s Laws

Mendel

Gregor Mendel was an Autrian monk who looked at heredity patterns in pea plants. He noticed that the pea plants had varying characteristics: round peas, wrinkled peas, green or yellow peas, different flower colors and different pod colors. He also noticed that when he crossed certain plants he ended up with a variety of results.

Please read pages 130-132 for a detailed outline on his experiments.

From his experiments Mendel devised a few laws of inheritance.

The first set of laws is the Law of Segregation

1. For each trait an organism has two hereditary factors called genes
   
2. Alternate forms of the gene are called alleles
   
3. The two alleles separate during meiosis and only one is passed on the gamete
   
4. The two gametes unite during fertilization to produce an offspring with two genes
   
5. If the two alleles differ, the phenotype will reflect the dominant allele
   
6. Not all genes have dominant and recessive alleles.
   

The second set of laws is the Law of Independent Assortment

1. The inheritance of one gene does not normally affect the inheritance of another gene
   

Some genes are linked to other genes. For instance, recessive genes found on the X chromosome will cause a recessive trait in a male but will only cause a recessive trait in a female if she is homozygous recessive.

Karyotype Chart

Karyotype Chart

Use karyotype charts to look at chromosomes. This chart shows all the chromosomes paired up with one and other (homologous chromosomes). It is especially important to see nondisjunction.

Nondisjunction – In meiosis during anaphase one, when homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell, sometimes, both chromosomes move to one pole of the cell. The result of this is a daughter cell with an extra chromosome and a daughter cell with a missing chromosomes. When gametes fuse during fertilization you can end up with an offspring with an extra chromosome, or an offspring with a missing chromosomes.

Normally you have 2 of each chromosome. An extra chromosome (3 in total) is called trisomy. An example of this is Down Syndrome = trisomy on chromosome 21.

Kleinfelter syndrome is another example of trisomy. In this situation you have 2 X chromosomes and a Y chromosome.

Monosomy is when you are missing a chromosome. Turner syndrome is the result of only one X chromosome (not 2^nd X, or Y chromosome).

Answers to Game Day

Games Day – Here are the answers for studying purposes!!

INDICATE IF THIS OCCURS IN MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, OR BOTH

DAUGHTER CELL HAS 23 CHROMOSOMES - Meiosis

1 DIVISION OCCURS - Mitosis

CROSSING OVER - Meiosis

GENETICALLY DIFFERENT DAUGHTER CELLS - Meiosis

4 DAUGHTER CELLS - Meiosis

ANAPHASE PULLS SISTER CHROMATIDS APART - Both

2 DAUGHTER CELLS - Mitosis

BEGINS WITH A DIPLOID PARENT CELL - Both

PARENT CELL HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES - Both

HOMOLOUS CHROMOSOMES ALIGN - Meiosis

2 DIVISIONS OCCUR - Meiosis

DAUGHTER CELL HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES - Mitosis

DAUGHTER CELLS ARE SEX CELLS (GAMETES) - Meiosis

CHROMOSOMES ALIGN SINGLE FILE ALONG EQUATORIAL PLATE - Both

ANAPHASE PULLS HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES APART - Meiosis

CELLS SPLIT DURING CYTOKINESIS - Both

DAUGHTER CELLS ARE AUTOSOMAL CELLS - Mitosis

GENETICALLY IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS - Mitosis

 

 

 

 

 

 

Draw out sequences of steps (WITH LABELS) of Mitosis

 

Draw out sequence of steps (WITH LABELS) of Meiosis

 

*****You must indicate how many chromosomes are in the parent and daughter cells.

 

You Can see the answers in the diagrams in the Mitosis and Meiosis section of this blog, or in the textbook!

 

Team Points

Team Marks

Points	Team 1	Team 2	Team 3	Team 4	Team 5	Team 6	Team 7
Diagrams	80	81	80	56	72	89	68
M,M,B	24	22	23	19	22	22	20
Trivia (Nov 20)	5	3	3	5	3	2	2
Trivia on cloning article	1	1	2	4	4	1	0

Team 1 = Sarah, Sal, Asiyaa and Zeinab

Team 2 = Arun, Waseem, Lena and Reem

Team 3 = Ahmad, Batula, Laura, Kat

Team 4 = Karly, Zamzam, Sadiq, Kaamel

Team 5 = Robin, Ben, Stephanie, Katlyn

Team 6 = Lea, Alyssa, Hira and Mohammaed

Team 7 = Lara, Habon, Justin, Mike and Abdul

Genetics Unit Assignment

Genetic Unit Assignment

 

For this unit you will get to choose which level of achievement you would like to meet.

 

Level 1 – Maximum mark on this assignment is 59%

• Choose a genetic disorder and describe its genetic component (trisomy, mutation, autosomal/sex-linked disease), the symptoms of the disorder and treatment for the disease.
  

Level 2 – Maximum mark on this assignment is 69%

• Choose a genetic disorder and describe its genetic component (trisomy, mutation, autosomal/sex-linked disease), the symptoms of the disorder and treatment for the disease.
  
• Discuss genetic technologies used in research, treatment and /or screening for this disease.
  

 

Level 3 – Maximum mark on this assignment is 79%

• Choose a genetic disorder and describe its genetic component (trisomy, mutation, autosomal/sex-linked disease), the symptoms of the disorder and treatment for the disease.
  
• Discuss genetic technologies used in research, treatment and /or screening for this disease.
  
• Discuss one ethical dilemma associated with the use of this genetic technology.
  

 

Level 4 – Maximum mark on this assignment is 100%

• Choose a genetic disorder and describe its genetic component (trisomy, mutation, autosomal/sex-linked disease), the symptoms of the disorder and treatment for the disease.
  
• Discuss genetic technologies used in research, treatment and /or screening for this disease.
  
• Discuss the merits of surrounding ethical dilemmas associated with the use of this genetic technology and defend one side of the argument.
  

 

You can also choose the format of your assignment

 

1. Written assignment – You may choose to write a traditional paper (for the level 1-2), or a letter to your MP (level 3-4) discussing your disease, associated genetic technologies and your defend one side of the ethical dilemma.
   
2. Oral presentation – You may choose to do an oral presentation in front of the class discussing your genetic disease, if you choose level 3 or 4 you should be prepared to take questions from the class and to lead a class discussion. (total time would be no more than 10 minutes with class discussion)
   
3. Creative Pamphlet – You may choose to make a pamphlet about the disease and technologies associated with it.
   

   
    

   
   

   	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
   Knowledge and Understanding	Genetic Disease is clearly defined, symptoms, treatments are included.	Genetic Disease is clearly defined, symptoms, treatments are included.	Genetic Disease is clearly defined, symptoms and treatments are included.	Genetic Disease is clearly defined, symptoms and treatments are included.
   Application	No genetic technologies are mentioned	Genetic technologies involved with this disease are included	Genetic technologies and one ethical dilemma associated with it are included.	Genetic technologies and defence of side of the ethical dilemma are included.
   Communication	Paper – 300 words length, some scientific terms are included             Presentation – well spoken, use of scientific terms                     Pamphlet – Scientific terms are used, at least two sided	Paper – 500 words in length, proper use of scientific terms, thoughts are organized           Presentation – at least 3 mins in length, well spoken, proper use of scientific terms, thoughts are well organized             Pamphlet – scientific terms are used, at least 3 sided, images are used to enhance information	Paper – Letter to your MP using proper business letter format, thoughts are very well organized, proper scientific language used     Presentation – at least 4 mins and with questions, very well spoken, proper use of scientific language, thoughts are very well organized       Pamphlet – Very well organized, good use of effective images, minimum 3 sided.	Paper – Letter to your MP using proper business letter format, thoughts are extremely organized, language is clear and proper scientific terms are used Presentation – at least 4 mins and lead a class discussion reviewing both sides of the ethical argument. Very well spoken, use of proper scientific language, thoughts are well organized Pamphlet – professional looking pamphlet with excellent use of images and scientific language

Meiosis

Meiosis (not be confused with mitosis)

What: Formation of GAMETES. In this situation the parent cell has 46 chromosomes (diploid) and will eventually make 4 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes (haploid).
Where : sex cells

Meiosis has two stages, Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2

The first stage of Meiosis is DIFFERENT from Mitosis.

Prophase 1
Chromosomes shorten and thicken
centrioles move to opposite poles

Metaphase 1
Homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) line up
Crossing over occurs (exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes)

Anaphase 1
Homolous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase and Cytokinesis 1
Nuclear membrane forms and two daughter cells are formed (each has 23 chromosomes duplicated)




Meiosis 2 - This process looks almost identical to mitosis, the difference is the number of chromosomes. Since meiosis 1 ended with each cell containing 23 duplicate chromosomes, that is how meiosis 2 will begin.

Mitosis

Mitosis

******* here is a great link showing the mitosis and meiosis!!

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

What: Duplication of cells. One parent cells divides and makes two genetically identical daughter cells. The parent cell, and the daughter cells all have 46 chromosomes and are diploid.

When: Cells divide all the time to replace dead or damaged cells and to facilitate growth (think about a root of a plant!)

Before mitosis DNA replicates.

Prophase
Chromosomes shorten and thicken
Centrioles move to opposite poles
Nuclear membrane fades

Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in single file on the equatorial plate
Spindle fibers come from centrioles and attach to centromere

Anaphase
Centromere divides
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles

Telophase
Chromosomes are on opposite poles
Spindle fibers dissolve
Nuclear membrane forms

Cytokinesis
Cytoplasma divides
2 new cells form
In plants a cell plate forms between the two cells and turns into a cell wall, in animals cells furrow into two cells.

Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle

• The Cell goes through a cycle
• Most of the time the cell is in interphase which is where the cell does its work
• Specific interphase is dependent on cell type (ie Liver or Nerve, etc)
• During interphase the cell also prepares for cellular division by DNA duplication
• Cellular division occurs after DNA replication, afterward the cell cycle repeats
• A cell can only divide so many times, this is determined by the cellular clock
• The more specialized the cell, the less it divides. For example, nerve cells, muscle cells and secretory cells do not divide as much as skin cells and cells from the digestive tract.
• Cells that divide continuously include spermatocytes (one billion a day!!!!) and cancer cells

Cell Specialization

• After fertilization cells begin to rapidly divide and eventually differentiate into specialized cells.
• Every cell contains the same genetic material
• In specialized cells certain genes are activated, while others are inactivated.
• Gene expression determines cell type
• Once cells become specialized they can only produce more specialized cells (liver cells can only make other liver cells)
• Cells that are not specialized and that make all types of cells are called TOTIPOTENT
• an example of these cells are STEM CELLS

DNA Structure

The human cell has 2 sets of 23 chromosomes, in total 46 chromosomes.

Before cell division, DNA duplicates and you have two sister chromatids attached by a centromere.

DNA Structure

• Structure of DNA discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick
• Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction to help determine structure of DNA
• DNA is composed of nitrogenous bases, deoxribose sugar and phosphate=nucleotide
• Sugar and phosphates form the backbone of the helix (spine of the ladder)
• Nitrogenous bases from one side of the ladder bond to nitrogenous bases on the other side
• They are bonded by hydrogen bonds which are weak bones between a positive hydrogen molecule and a negative charge on an electronegative nitrogen or oxygen molecule
• The four nucleotides are adenosine, guanine (purines) and cytosine and thymine (pyrimidines).
• Adenosine complimentary bonds to Thymine
  
• Guanine complimentary bonds to cytosine

Cancer

Normal, healthy, cells know it is time to divide because of cell to cell communication. When neighbouring cells are dying or damaged cells receive signals to generate new cells.

Have you ever played guitar? If you have, you will notice that your skin cells divide to create calluses in order to protect your fingertips!

Normal, healthy, cannot divide in isolation. They can only divide when other specialized cells are close by.

Cancer cells are cells that are able to divide in isolation and at an accelerated rate. They are not responding to cell to cell communication.
The lack of communication causes a second proble. Healthy cells adhere to each other in order to help in communication. Cancer cells do not always adhere to healthy cells, or to other cancer cells. This means that they can dislodge from a tumor and move around the body which means metastasis is occurring. This makes locating the source of the cancer very difficult.

Why is cancer so dangerous?
Cancer cells are rapidly dividing which means they are utilizing a ton of energy and resources. Cancer cells do not specialize, meaning that they do not contribute to the health of maintenance of the body. If you have cancer cells in your liver, they are taking a ton of energy and resources from the liver to fuel duplication, but do not contribute at all to the function of the liver.


Here is a link to an awesome website all cancer!

http://www.cancerquest.org/

Cloning

Cloning is a relatively new genetic process where scientists are able to create genetically identical offspring from a single cell! Scientists use cloning to make beautiful plants and "ideal" animals like super cows (produce A LOT of milk). Here is a link to an article about cloning!

http://www.sciencenewsforkids.org/articles/20040128/Feature1.asp

Your textbook also has some good information on cloning (pages 94-98).

This is a picture of Dolly, the first mammal ever cloned. Beside her is her first born lamb, Bonnie.

Welcome to your Classroom Blog!!

Hello Class!!

I am happy to tell you that I have set up this blog in order to help with course material! Even though I strongly recommend that you take notes in class, most (definitely NOT all) of your notes will also be posted here!

I will post basic notes, diagrams, study tips, useful website links and more!! Please check this blog regularly!! I will do my best to post notes before class. You should copy and paste the class notes into a word document and print them off, unless you prefer to study from the computer.

I will also post diagrams here, but will do my best to distribute hard copies of diagrams in class. If you miss a class, or lose the handout, this is where you will find the diagram.

Finally, I will be posting links to websites that will be useful study tools and great resources for your assignments. You should USE them! But do not limit yourself to these sites....there are lots of goodies out there!!

Cheers!

Miss Sassine